As an economics student, I have spent countless hours studying and analyzing Federal Reserve policies in textbooks, but nothing prepared me for the chance to go to a Supreme Court hearing concerning those policies. The case I attended, Donald J. Trump, et al. v. Lisa D. Cook , centers on whether Trump can fire Federal Reserve Board governor Lisa Cook. The hearing was two hours of arguments. Solicitor General D. John Sauer, arguing for President Trump, spent time detailing how Lisa Cook allegedly made conflicting representations on two mortgage applications within a two-week period in 2021. What impressed me the most was Justice Sotomayor’s intervention. She systematically dismantled the government’s emergency posture argument. Firstly, the president by his own admission, cannot fire Cook for policy disagreements. Secondly, Cook has not been incompetent or negligent while in office; the grounds for removal concerns pre-office conduct. Lastly, the Fed’s independence is important, an...
The Producer Price Index (PPI) —the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ measure of price changes received by U.S. producers—provides an early look at inflation pressures that ripple through our economy long before they show up in consumer prices. On January 30, 2026, the BLS reported that the PPI for final demand rose 0.5% in December 2025 , with prices for services rising sharply and goods prices essentially unchanged. On an annual basis, producer prices climbed about 3.0% in 2025 after rising 3.5% in 2024. ( Bureau of Labor Statistics ) While these headline figures matter for macroeconomic policy and markets, the real question for small business owners—especially Black and minority entrepreneurs —is how these wholesale price dynamics intersect with their costs, pricing power, industry exposures, and geographic realities. 1. PPI: A Leading Indicator for Business Costs in Key Industries The PPI covers industry-level price changes across thousands of goods and services, letting us see which s...